(217) The Hong Kong protests explained in 100 and 500 words

BBC NEWS (英國廣播公司新聞網)

27 August 2019

Hong Kong has been rocked by anti-government protests for months and the situation shows no sign of dying down.

To bring you up to date, here's all the background you need to know in 100 or 500 words - you can read each individually or in turn.

The story in 100 words

The Hong Kong protests started in June against proposals to allow extradition to mainland China.

Critics said this would undermine the city's judicial independence and could put dissidents at risk.

A former British colony, Hong Kong has some autonomy and more rights than the mainland under a "one country, two systems" deal.

Despite city leader Carrie Lam agreeing to indefinitely delay the bill, demonstrations continued and developed to include demands for full democracy and an inquiry into police actions.

Clashes between police and activists have been become increasingly violent with police using tear gas and activists storming the parliament building.

The story in 500 words

The extradition bill which triggered the first protest was introduced in April. It would have allowed for criminal suspects to be extradited to mainland China, under certain circumstances.

Opponents said this risked exposing Hong Kongers to unfair trials and violent treatment. They also argued the bill would give China more greater influence over Hong Kong and could be used to target activists and journalists.

Hundreds of thousands of people took to the streets. After weeks of protests, leader Carrie Lam eventually said the bill would be suspended indefinitely until it expired.

How did the protests escalate?
Protesters feared the bill could be revived, so demonstrations continued, calling for it to be withdrawn completely.

Over the weeks, clashes between police and protesters have become more frequent and more violent, with injuries on both sides and scores of people arrested.

Police have fired tear gas and rubber bullets while some activists have thrown bricks, firebombs and other objects.

In July, groups of protesters stormed the parliament building defacing parts of it. Also in July, a masked mob armed with sticks attacked people returning home from a protest inside Yuen Long station, far from the city centre.

In August, one protester was injured in the eye, leading to demonstrators wearing red-coloured eye patches to show their solidarity.

Protest action at Hong Kong international airport in August also saw renewed clashes and led to hundreds of flights being cancelled.

What do the protesters want?
The protesters' demands have changed throughout the weeks of demonstrations and they are now calling for:

Complete withdrawal of the extradition bill
Withdrawal of the "riot" description used about the protests
Amnesty for all arrested protesters
An independent inquiry into alleged police brutality
Universal suffrage for the elections of the Chief Executive and Legislative Council, Hong Kong's parliament.
Some also want the resignation of Carrie Lam, who they view as a puppet of Beijing.

After initially staying quiet on the unrest, China has condemned the Hong Kong protests as "behaviour that is close to terrorism" - a sign its rhetoric is hardening.

There have also been reports of Chinese police and military massing across the border in Shenzhen, in a clear show of force.

Protests supporting the Hong Kong movement have spread across the globe, with rallies taking place in the UK, France, US, Canada and Australia.

In many cases, people supporting the Hong Kong demonstrators were confronted by pro-Beijing rallies.

What is Hong Kong's status?
Hong Kong is a former British colony but was handed back to China in 1997.

It is run under a "one country, two systems" agreement that guarantees it a level of autonomy.

It has its own judiciary and a separate legal system from mainland China. Those rights including freedom of assembly and freedom of speech are protected.

But those freedoms - the Basic Law - expire in 2047 and it is not clear what Hong Kong's status will then be.

(216) 美國眾議院議員Rob Woodall覆香港人聯署要求制裁中港共官員信

https://lihkg.com/thread/1480876/page/1

16 Auguest, 2019

Dear Maggie:

Thank you for contacting me to share your support for the people of Hong Kong and for the "Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act." It is great to hear from you.

As you may know, the "Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act" is a product of the bipartisan Congressional-Executive Commission on China, which was created by Congress in 2000 and made up of members of the House, the Senate, and the Administration to monitor human rights and the development of the rule of law in China. It is also tasked with submitting an annual report to Congress detailing legislative proposal advancing human rights and the rule of law in China, and this bill is just one of those proposals.

While the administration of Hong Kong was handed over from the British to the Chinese in 1997, the agreement guaranteed that Hong Kong's "capitalist system and way of life shall remain unchanged for 50 years" until the year 2047. However, as the recent protests indicate, China is failing to keep that promise. The "Hong Kong Human Right and Democracy Act" would reaffirm America's commitment to Hong Kong's autonomy by requiring the U.S. Secretary of State to certify Hong Kong's autonomy in order to maintain its special treatment and trade status with the U.S., requiring the President to identify those responsible for the abductions of Hong Kong citizens who have spoken out against mainland China, and includes other steps to ensure U.S. interests in Hong Kong are protected.

This bill has been introduced in every Congress since the 113th Congress but has never advanced, though the current situation in Hong Kong is highlighting the need for action. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo is urging China to "do the right thing" and "proceed in a way that is not violent." And as you might expect, the discussion of Hong Kong is bleeding over into the tariff and trade talks that are already between China and the U.S. We can call agree that China must keep its promise to Hong Kong. Congress, the Administration, and the world are partnering to ensure exactly that.

Again, thank you for taking the time to share with me. Please do not hesitate to reach out if I can be of any assistance.

Sincerely,
Rob Woodall

(215) 中共外交部誘導外媒報道香港反送中運動方向信

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China

Auguest 20, 2019
Dear ___

The recent situation in Hong Kong, China has drawn extensive attention. A growing number of media all over the world have come to see through the radical and violent nature of what happened in Hong Kong. Regrettably, however, there is still some coverage based on selective facts or no facts at all.

The evolvement and nature of the situation in Hong Kong are very clear; the so-called "anti-amendment" is nothing more than a hyped-up pretext. When you look at the current situation, you'll find that those radical, violent and criminal behaviors have gone far beyond freedom of speech and peaceful assembly. They have seriously threatened the safety of Hong Kong residents and their property, severely undermined Hong Kong's rule of law and social order, gravely challenged the bottom line of "one country, two systems", and pushed Hong Kong to a dangerous brink. As I note, many people around the world believed that no police in any other country/region in the world could be as nearly restrained as the police in Hong Kong. What's worse, there is quite a lot of evidence showing that some forces of the United States have directly engaged in planning, organizing and inciting violent demonstration in Hong Kong.

Hong Kong is at a critical moment. The call for rule law, order and tranquility represents the mainstream public opinion in Hong Kong. The pressing task is to stop violence, end chaos and restore order, where I believe the media have an important role to play. I hope that you and the media agency you lead will take up your due social responsibility and make reports that are neutral, objective, impartial and comprehensive, so that your coverage may help those protesters ignorant of the truth to get back to the right path, and help those who have been seriously misled to come to rational and fair judgement.

Attached are some fact sheet and materials we found in media reports that I hope will be helpful for your judgement and coverage of the situation in Hong Kong.

Kind regards,
Hua Chunying
Director General, Information Department
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Beijing, China

(214) 極權國家資訊滲透戰略

極權國家資訊滲透戰略

風傳媒（article/1205070）

2019年4月23日

按：標題由輯者另命。原題為「政府打假新聞真有效？學者舉俄羅斯資訊戰為例：假新聞就是希望你打它」。

北大犯罪學研究所助理教授沈伯洋，赴台大以中國對台灣資訊戰為主題演講。圖為俄羅斯針對美國散布假訊息，先製作「長輩圖」，打入像Line、Whatapp等封閉群組。（吳尚軒攝）

假新聞議題，近來頻頻引發爭議，日前不但有各校學生團體發起抵制行動，就連行政院也欲透過修法，針對網路散播不實訊息進行規範；然而，台北大學犯罪學研究所助理教授沈伯洋指出，從「資訊戰」的觀點來看，「假新聞的目的，就是希望你去打它」，要讓人不斷去澄清，澄清之後就可以再把新聞熱度炒高，「所以落入假新聞這塊，就等於落入敵人陷阱。」

混合戰要訣 「不讓你察覺戰爭已發動」

沈伯洋首先就「混合戰」定義指出，混合戰很早就有，這在中國用語叫「超限戰」，就是利用民主國家的開放性，民主國家因為要求有多元、開放聲音，「所以它的聲音在民主社會不會被壓迫，並可以在進入後，去混淆你的認知體系。」

對於認知的混淆，沈伯洋說明，即是「混淆戰爭跟和平的界線」，他解釋，過去國家對戰爭、和平的分界很明確，戰爭是戰爭、和平是和平 ，但現在的戰爭，是明明已經是發生戰爭，卻不讓你感覺到有發動戰爭，這就叫做「混合戰」。

沈伯洋談到，這最早是俄羅斯有系統地對愛沙尼亞、烏克蘭進行，其中，非軍事力量占8成，軍事力量占2成，「軍事力量是在篤定已經會贏時才出動」，非軍事則包括斷邦交國、破壞經濟體制、破壞金融體制等，而「資訊戰」是在軍事與非軍事兩者中間，只是「混合戰」其中一個小區塊，「所以如果說只要針對資訊戰來應對，是很不明智的。」

沈伯洋進一步說明，一開始就是要看目標國內有什麼衝突，然後去激化對立，之後讓人不知道敵人是誰，最後用和平使者的方式到來，用中國用語就是和平協議。

「假新聞當成標的 非常危險」

沈伯洋並指出，「假新聞的目的，就是希望你去打它」， 它本身是有戰術規劃的一件事 ，比方放消息，說台獨分子在台北車站放炸彈，你澄清說沒有，他就可以再說不是炸彈，是其他危險東西，讓你要不斷去澄清，澄清之後就可以再把新聞熱度炒高，因此打假新聞是很不明智的；尤其中國目前對台灣模式，很多不是假新聞，有80%和假新聞一點關係都沒有，「所以落入假新聞這塊，就等於落入敵人陷阱，並而把所有能量跟攻擊，都放在NCC(國家通訊傳播委員會)身上。」

沈伯洋並舉例，如黨產會當時調查華興育幼院是否藏匿黨產，那時就有新聞的標題說：「黨產會連孤兒院都不放過」，很容易就因為標題，讓人被誤導到另一方面去，但如果標題改成：「國民黨藏匿黨產連孤兒院都不放過」，那被影響的方式就會不一樣，但基本上，這2個都是真新聞，都是孤兒院被盯上，他並重申，所以把假新聞當成標的，是很危險的一件事。

沈伯洋並就俄羅斯對美國的資訊戰為例，說明各階段運作。他談到，俄國是以5年為期在操作大選，因為若要進攻民主國家，就要影響投票行為，比如藉由刻板印象操作，影響人民要不要去投候選人，「但重點是前半段要建立信任機制，所以俄羅斯花了大概3、4年做信任機制，最後半年才開始操作假新聞跟不實消息。」

沈伯洋說明，俄羅斯靠的是IRA網路研究局，他們認為要影響美國大選，就要先激起對立，「不一定要先支持哪個候選人，重點是國內的對立越強越好。」

沈伯洋指出，俄國當時整理出，在美國國內最爭議的幾個議題，就是黑人議題、正當防衛、LGBT，以及槍支管制，他們並對每一個節點都有進行操作。以黑人為例，當時俄羅斯做了一張圖，說投票前先聽Michael Jackson怎麼講，因為Ｍichael Jackson在黑人當中有很大影響力，但如果單純只做這張圖丟上網，不會有效，所以在這個圖之前做的動作，才是重要的。

沈伯洋分析，首先他們會利用購物網站，網站上的banner廣告，可以測試用戶喜歡什麼東西，俄國以此測試黑人喜歡什麼圖片，包含哪種底色、文字、文字大小等等，來決定可以用怎樣的標語跟icon去影響黑人，所有資訊戰都先做的都是搜集個資，不只是代表購物紀錄，還有比方說可以搜集滑鼠軌跡，像在每張圖片停留多久，甚至像手機在購物app上滑多久、停多久都會知道，大量搜集後才可以精準投放廣告，這在行銷上很正常，然而他也指出，這些基本資料在傳統戰略上沒有意義，在資訊戰上卻意義重大。

俄捏造美爭議影片 讓名人誤解轉發

沈伯洋說明，蒐集資訊後就是開始創造如Instagram、Twitter假帳號，接著去跟NBA球星詹姆斯（Lebron James）這樣的名人互相追蹤，然後講黑人議題，做成類似「爆料公社」的模式，去發布像是白人警察打黑人的影片，呼籲黑人要站出來，像「#BlackLivesMatter」的民權運動，就有受到俄方操作，甚至藉由造假影片來傳播，然後如果詹姆斯等名人轉發，這些東西就藉此散布出去，是把傳播的節點一個個找出來後，逐個去打破。

沈伯洋說明，接下來滲透者還會去找「在地協力者」，做成像「黑人熱線」、「同志熱線」這樣支持特定族群的團體，或跟當地已有的協力者合作，說他們的粉專已經有50萬個追蹤者，有需要的話可以幫忙宣傳，甚至會幫黑人找工作、轉發工作機會，透過這樣建立信任、累積粉絲，還會雇用網路寫手寫小故事，比如寫有個黑人小農很刻苦、很可憐，所以大家要買他種的小麥，「做到這步後，就會被認為他們是很好的公民團體，會覺得他們是在做好事。」

打入Line、Whatapp群組 攻美版ptt帶風向

沈伯洋指出，接下來就是打入像Line、WhatApp等封閉群組，像是做美國的「長輩圖」，如：「德州的夕陽好美」這樣的圖片，這些訊息就是要打入德州的分離主義群組， 並會利用購物網站banner上搜集到的偏好，接著利用被稱作美國PTT的網站「Reddit」轉發上去，再利用網軍大量洗流言。

「新聞都是假的」 不相信主流媒體

沈伯洋談到，這樣過了3、4年後，俄羅斯透過這些事建立廣泛信任，也在網路上累積到百萬追蹤者，接下來就可以開始散布訊息，像是散布「I Don’t Believe The Media So I Become One」這樣的標語，傳遞出「新聞都是假的」的訊息，並把Fox、紐時等媒體的的錯誤極大化，打成他們都在做假新聞，「只有我們的社群會把真的訊息放在上面。」用類似標語、長輩圖，讓大家開始不相信主流媒體，並相信特定帳號，而真正的假新聞，是到最後6個月才會出現。

沈伯洋並以此指出：「在打資訊戰就是，別人打你假新聞前，先把別人打成假新聞，到最後即使別人認為你是假新聞，要去求證時，也不會去求證那些已經被認為是假新聞的媒體。」

但沈伯洋也說明，這個模式，最怕就是萬人響應、一人到場，假設這個帳號有1萬個追蹤者，但真正被影響的只有2個人，那就沒有用，所以俄方甚至真的發動社會運動，測試每次可以動員多少人，所以只要發生一定新聞後，就開始炒熱議題，然後說要出來抗議，要確實每次都動員到這些人走出來，才能確定可以影響他們去投票，期間大概發動了5到6次運動。

俄陰謀論籲別投票 黑人投票率寫20年新低

沈伯洋說，要到最後5到6個月左右，才會出現假新聞，「所以我說一但出現假新聞，代表這個國家沒救了，因為人家已經滲透完畢。」他指出，這是非常末端的事，所以針對假新聞防禦很沒意義，像當時俄羅斯他們散播的消息是，希拉蕊是複製人，真正的希拉蕊已經死了，並在網路上有超過百萬次轉發，還有「Who Killed Seth Rich?」這種類似《誰摔死了李新》的新聞，用陰謀論讓人懷疑主要政黨跟主流媒體，都在散布不實消息，並呼籲最後不要投票，因為他們都一樣爛，結果造成的，就是近20年來的黑人投票率新低。

然而沈伯洋表示，到這一步還沒完，最後一步是「抹去足跡」，要讓人們不覺得自己有被操作，不然就沒有下次操作的空間，俄羅斯在此花了2倍時間，這些帳號在選舉後的活躍程度，是選舉前的2倍以上，讓人不覺得這是選舉操作。

對此沈伯洋也呼籲，「不要認為俄羅斯是在支持川普」，他以美國司法部特別檢察官穆勒的調查報告指出，裡頭找不到川普團隊和俄羅斯有任何交流。他說明，很有可能川普的團隊只是知道，俄羅斯網軍在攻擊希拉蕊，並希望藉由他們幫忙，但只是希望，所以找不到金流跟直接對話的證據，但如今俄羅斯又在打川普，就是因為這樣可以激起對立，「他們的目標不是支持誰，是要讓你的國家越亂越好。」

操縱美黑人議題 俄正反方社群都加入 

沈伯洋並就華盛頓大學針對推特的網路po文研究指出，裡頭對黑人議題相關貼文分成左、右派，並用大數據分析彼此轉發的連結性，發現左右派之間幾乎沒有交集，而在美國參議院對俄羅斯操作大選的報告公布後，他們回去對比推特公布的俄羅斯帳號，發現俄羅斯帳號在左右派社群裡，占據很核心的位置，而且是兩邊都加入。

沈伯洋警告，如同志議題來說，就會是反同、挺同陣營都加入，不會說支持誰，就把錢、網軍丟給誰，中國目前是只有操作反同方，但如果下一次公投能沿用這樣的操作，是很危險的。

而對於中國目前的資訊戰模式，沈伯洋表示，中國的資訊戰在學術上比較難證明，俄羅斯是以情報人員為主的體系，一直往上追蹤，就可以知道是誰幹的，但中國從過去跟國民黨打仗時，就喜歡放長線釣大魚，比方說滲透100人，只要有2人成功就可以，但這在2015年習近平整合SSF（戰略支援部隊，Strategic Support Force）之後，情況有所改變，加上俄羅斯2016年的模式成功，也給了中國很大啟示，因此情況開始改變。

「中國如何滲透 台灣文獻近零研究」

沈伯洋說明，另一方面，因為台灣本地文獻，對於中國如何滲透幾乎是零，美國對中國的研究也很散，主要是研究中國怎麼滲透美國，但沒有研究怎麼滲透台灣，所以美方對台灣發生什麼事，感到蠻緊張的，因為發現台灣民意改變，一開始從學術上認為是民粹，但卻發現情勢不對。

沈伯洋並指出，目的不同，戰術也會不同，美國部分智庫，一直想用他們被俄羅斯攻擊的手法，套用到台灣怎麼被中國攻擊，卻發現格格不入，此外也是因為語言的差異，他們的模型無法套用在台灣身上；此外，台灣自己連什麼叫不實資訊、什麼叫操作資訊的定義都沒有，所以無法跟google、臉書要求要防禦機制。

中國找台宮廟、里長系統 「打資訊戰比俄快」

沈伯洋另外談到，民間合作是另一個很大的問題，中國、俄羅斯在滲透美國時，很難找到在地協力者，但在台灣可以很快找到，信任關係也可以馬上建立起來，而且中國已經有建立長期的信任，像是宮廟、里長系統，如里長間的同姓交流、同鄉交流團，很早就開始做了，「所以中國打資訊戰可能比俄羅斯快。」

沈伯洋說明，如此的結果，就是像有耳語流傳說，如果真的跟中國統一，退休金會變成1比1，200塊台幣的存款，會直接變200塊人民幣，最恐怖是，這種訊息不是透過網路群組，是在廟口、參加里民活動、爬山的時候口耳相傳，而等到兩岸有合作情勢，再有新聞報導時，這些耳語就會發酵。

台人用中app 定位功能洩隱私

對於解放軍的攻擊，沈伯洋另外談到，每次針對香港、西藏的攻擊模式都一樣，連對台灣也一樣，解放軍攻擊越來越緊密，都是竊取台灣個人資料，像很多人看天氣，都是用中國的app，可能是因為介面漂亮、功能多，但要看天氣一定要打開手機定位，所以定位就永遠在中國手上，他們一開始攻擊藏獨、港獨人士都是透過這個。

沈伯洋並舉例，像只要有手機定位，就可以知道目標有沒有外遇，看周一到五每天定位，都是從家裡到公司，星期五卻變成從公司到motel，定位在旁邊的手機又不是自己老婆，那就是外遇，此外還有像VPN，很多人下載日本貼圖要用VPN，但中國已經好幾年都在收購VPN公司了。